Saturday, November 12, 2011

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 21: Summary of Maryland Laws

Author's Note:

Can someone double-check my interpretation of Maryland's laws here? I was shocked at how vauge and lacking in information there was. There's references to inchoate laws, but I can't find the actual inchoate laws themselves. Also There's no definition for adultery? That's a first...

- Jason

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Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 21: Summary of Maryland Laws

Adultery:

Maryland has a law against adultery; however it lacks any specifics on defining adultery (Maryland State Legislature, 2011a). For the purposes of this analysis it is assumed that adultery includes both participating parties, regardless of who has the legal marriage. The punishment for adultery in Maryland is simply a $10 fine (Maryland State Legislature, 2011a), an almost laughable liability compared to other states. Escalating punishment for repeat offence do not appear to apply. Oddly, inchoate offences do not appear to apply to adultery either, leaving liability to only those directly involved.

Bigamy:

Though Maryland doesn’t contain a purportation or cohabitation clause with bigamy, the clause that does exist stipulates that a marriage ceremony is prohibited, and not just the legal marriage (Maryland State Legislature, 2011b). This occupies a grey area between purportation and the lack thereof, as the specific type of ceremony is not identified. Because of this liability may extend to non-legal marriage ceremonies Liability is limited to the marryer(s), and not to the marryee(s).

Punishment for bigamy is up to 9 years of imprisonment (Maryland State Legislature, 2011b). Inchoate and escalating punishment does not appear to apply to bigamy, so liability is limited to only those with multiple partners in legal marriage.

Round-Up of Laws:

Maryland’s laws are confusing and written much differently than other states, as such understanding the true impacts is challenging, at best. There is an adultery law, which extends liability to all non-monogamous families, despite the actual punishment being a paltry fine of $10. Bigamy occupies an odd place, with liability extended beyond the baseline only to marriage ceremonies. This should be considered purportation-lite. Maryland’s punishment for bigamy is disproportionate compared to its punishment for adultery.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

Despite the punishment for adultery being of such a limited sum, it is still under criminal law and is subject to further discriminations (child custody, renting, etc.), so it should not be taken lightly. For non-dyadic non-monogamous families, it is recommended to not have ceremonial marriages, as this would extend the liability the family encounters rather dramatically.

References

Maryland State Legislature. (2011a). Adultery. (Maryland Code 10-501). Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Legislature.

Maryland State Legislature. (2011a). Bigamy. (Maryland Code 10-502). Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Legislature.

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 20: Summary of Maine Laws

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 20: Summary of Maine Laws

Adultery:

Maine has no adultery law (Maine State Legislature, 2011a), and provides limited liability for dyadic non-monogamists.

Bigamy:

Bigamy in Maine does have a purportation clause (Maine State Legislature, 2011f), increasing liability for non-dyadic non-monogamists. Liability does not extend beyond the purported bigamist, so the purported maryee has no liability from bigamy directly (Maine State Legislature, 2011f). Bigamy is considered to be a class E crime (Maine State Legislature, 2011f), with imprisonment of up to 6 months(Maine State Legislature, 2011g) and a fine of up to $1,000 (Maine State Legislature, 2011h). There is escalating punishment for repeat offence, with an increase to up to 1 year imprisonment (Maine State Legislature, 2011h) and the fine remaining the same.

Inchoate laws do apply with conspiracy and attempt (Maine State Legislature, 2011c; Maine State Legislature, 2011d), however because of how low grade of an offence bigamy is, solicitation does not apply (Maine State Legislature, 2011e). Inchoate punishment for bigamy is at the same level that bigamy is (Maine State Legislature, 2011c; Maine State Legislature, 2011d). There is additional liability regarding accomplices, which is also punishable at the same level as bigamy (Maine State Legislature, 2011b).

Round-Up of Laws:

Due to the absent adultery law, dyadic non-monogamists have minimal liability. However, the purportation in bigamy does provide liability for non-dyadic non-monogamous families, with inchoate offences extending that liability to the family and anyone involved with the purportation.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

Because of the purportation clause in Maine’s bigamy law, non-dyadic non-monogamists will need to practice a great deal of control over their public appearance. An appearance of a non-dyadic non-monogamous family could bring legal liability to the family. The liability for dyadic non-monogamous families is minimal, however.

References

Maine State Legislature. (2011a). Adultery. (Maine Statutes 17-5-101). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011b). Criminal liability for conduct of another; accomplices. (Maine Statutes 17-A-1-3-57). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011c). Criminal conspiracy. (Maine Statutes 17-A-2-7-151). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011d). Criminal attempt. (Maine Statutes 17-A-2-7-152). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011e). Criminal solicitation. (Maine Statutes 17-A-2-7-153). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011f). Bigamy. (Maine Statutes 17-A-2-23-551). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011g). Imprisonment for crimes other than murder. (Maine Statutes 17-A-3-51-1252). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Maine State Legislature. (2011h). Amounts authorized. (Maine Statutes 17-A-3-53-1301). Augusta, ME: Maine State Legislature.

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 19: Summary of Louisiana Laws

Author's Note:

I'm shocked, Louisiana as a low-liability state? Wow...

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Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 19: Summary of Louisiana Laws

Adultery:

Louisiana has no adultery law, and as such liability for dyadic non-monogamists is minimal.

Bigamy:

Louisiana’s bigamy law is specific to legal marriages. Though there is a cohabitation clause, it’s specific to cohabitation with multiple partners that one is legally married to, and not broad like the typical cohabitation clause. There is no purportation clause in Louisiana for bigamy (Louisiana State Legislature, 2011d).

The punishment for bigamy is imprisonment for up to 5 years and a fine of up to $1,000 (Louisiana State Legislature, 2011d). As bigamy is an unclassified offence there does not appear to be escalating punishment for repeat offences. Inchoate laws apply in the case of conspiracy and attempt, with conspiracy punishable at the same level as bigamy, and attempt at one-half, up to 2.5 years imprisonment and up to $500 fine (Louisiana State Legislature, 2011b; Louisiana State Legislature, 2011c).

Additionally Louisiana has a law regarding being a principal to a crime, which applies along the same lines as conspiracy, but covers aiding and abetting. The punishment for being a principal to bigamy is at the same level as bigamy (Louisiana State Legislature, 2011a). There’s also a specific law in Louisiana regarding abetting in bigamy, which is punishable at the same level as bigamy (Louisiana State Legislature, 2011e). Both of these laws would cover almost any circumstance that a bigamous marriage would take place.

Round-Up of Laws:

Because of a lack of an adultery law, and a soft bigamy law (no cohabitation or purportation), Louisiana is rather non-monogamous friendly. The only liability exists if there’s an actual legal bigamous marriage. In the event of one, inchoate liability is rather extensive with the combination of attempt, conspiracy, principality and abetting.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

The limited liability for non-monogamists beyond bigamous marriage means the only activity that should be avoided is actually having a bigamous marriage. Beyond this there is minimal liability for non-monogamists.

References

Louisiana State Legislature. (2011a). Principals. (Louisiana Revised Statutes 14-24). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Legislature.

Louisiana State Legislature. (2011b). Criminal Conspiracy. (Louisiana Revised Statutes 14-26). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Legislature.

Louisiana State Legislature. (2011c). Attempt; penalties; attempt on a peace officer; enhanced penalties. (Louisiana Revised Statutes 14-27). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Legislature.

Louisiana State Legislature. (2011d). Bigamy. (Louisiana Revised Statutes 14-24). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Legislature.

Louisiana State Legislature. (2011e). Abetting in bigamy. (Louisiana Revised Statutes 14-24). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Legislature.

Sunday, November 6, 2011

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 18: Summary of Iowa Laws

Author's Note:

Thankfully Indiana and Iowa were rather simple, I was able to get through them very easily. I'm back on track now (-:

It's nice to see more states in the same category as California and D.C. for non-mono liability.

- Jason

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Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 18: Summary of Iowa Laws

Adultery:

Iowa has no adultery law, which dramatically limits liability for dyadic non-monogamies.

Bigamy:

Iowa’s bigamy law is only applicable in the case of actual bigamous marriages; purportation and cohabitation are not applicable (Iowa State Legislature, 2011e). Liability of said marriages is extended to both the marryer and marryee however (Iowa State Legislature, 2011e). As a serious misdemeanor (Iowa State Legislature, 2011e), a bigamy offence is liable for up to one year imprisonment and a fine from $315 to $1,875 (Iowa State Legislature, 2011f).

As a misdemeanor, bigamy is not applicable for escalating punishments for repeat offences. Inchoate laws do not apply to bigamy (Iowa State Legislature, 2011c; Iowa State Legislature, 2011d), due to its status as a serious misdemeanor. However, laws about aiding and abetting (Iowa State Legislature, 2011a) and joint criminal conduct (Iowa State Legislature, 2011b) do apply, covering most of the missing territory. Liability varies, where joint conduct is equal liability (Iowa State Legislature, 2011b), and aiding and abetting is rather vauge, but potentially the same (Iowa State Legislature, 2011a).

Round-Up of Laws:

Due to the absence of adultery and purportation/cohabitation bigamy, liability is very low, and only applicable if an actual bigamous marriage exists. In the case that it does, aiding and abetting and joint conduct apply in place of inchoate laws, covering much of the same situations that would be applicable under inchoate.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

Because the only liability exists around bigamous marriage, liability can be avoided easily: don’t marry more than one person at a time.

References

Iowa State Legislature. (2011a). Aiding and abetting. (Iowa Code 703.1). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Iowa State Legislature. (2011b). Accessory after the fact. (Iowa Code 703.3). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Iowa State Legislature. (2011c). Solicitation. (Iowa Code 705.1). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Iowa State Legislature. (2011d). Conspiracy. (Iowa Code 706.1). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Iowa State Legislature. (2011e). Bigamy. (Iowa Code 726.1). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Iowa State Legislature. (2011f). Maximum sentence for misdemeanants. (Iowa Code 903.1). Des Moines, IA: Iowa State Legislature.

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 17: Summary of Indiana Laws

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 17: Summary of Indiana Laws

Adultery:

Indiana has no adultery laws, and as such liability is negligible for dyadic non-monogamies (swingers & open relationships).

Bigamy:

Bigamy in Indiana is limited to the bigamous marryer, without purportation or cohabitation (Indiana State Legislature, 2011c). The marryee suffers no liability. Bigamy is a class D felony (Indiana State Legislature, 2011c), punishable by 6 months to 3 years imprisonment and a fine of up to $10,000 (Indiana State Legislature, 2011d). There is escalating punishments for repeat offences, which maximizes the repeat offence at three times of the imprisonment length of normal, 1.5 years to 9 years for bigamy (Indiana State Legislature, 2011d; Indiana State Legislature, 2011e). Attempt and conspiracy apply for inchoate (Indiana State Legislature, 2011a; Indiana State Legislature, 2011b), how solicitation is defined differently in Indiana compared to most states and doesn’t apply. This does not limit potential inchoate liability much however. Bigamy attempt and conspiracy is liable at the same level as bigamy proper (Indiana State Legislature, 2011a; Indiana State Legislature, 2011b).

Round-Up of Laws:

Liability for non-monogamists in Indiana is very light, with no adultery laws and bigamy having no cohabitation or purportation clause. Dyadic non-monogamies suffer from no liability, and non-dyadics only liability is if they actually marry bigamously. Through this, inchoate liability is minimal, as there are few situations where actually bigamous marriage would exist.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

Because of the limited liability all around, the only things that non-monogamists should avoid is to actually marry more than one person at a time. This will remove all legal liability for non-monogamous behavior.

References

Indiana State Legislature. (2011a). Attempt. (Indiana Code 35-41-5-1). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Legislature.

Indiana State Legislature. (2011b). Conspiracy. (Indiana Code 35-41-5-2). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Legislature.

Indiana State Legislature. (2011c). Bigamy. (Indiana Code 35-46-1-2). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Legislature.

Indiana State Legislature. (2011d). Class D felony. (Indiana Code 35-50-2-7). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Legislature.

Indiana State Legislature. (2011e). Habitual offenders. (Indiana Code 35-50-2-8). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Legislature.

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 16: Summary of Illinois Laws

Non-Monogamous Families and the Law, Part 16: Summary of Illinois Laws

Adultery:

Illinois adultery law possesses liability for both parties in adultery, providing broad liability for non-monogamists of all forms (Illinois State Legislature, 2011d). Adultery in Illinois is considered a class A misdemeanor (Illinois State Legislature, 2011d), punishable by up to one year of imprisonment, and a fine of up to $2,500 (Illinois State Legislature, 2011i). Escalating punishment for repeat offence isn’t applicable to adultery (Illinois State Legislature, 2011k). Inchoate laws are fully applicable and punishable in the same way as adultery regular is (Illinois State Legislature, 2011a; Illinois State Legislature, 2011b; Illinois State Legislature, 2011c).

Additionally, Illinois has a fornication law, applicable to unmarried individuals in a sexual relationship (Illinois State Legislature, 2011e). Fornication is considered a class B misdemeanor (Illinois State Legislature, 2011e), with up to 6 months imprisonment and up to $1,500 in fines (Illinois State Legislature, 2011j). A lack of escalating punishments and the applicability of inchoate laws apply in the same way to fornication as it does to adultery (Illinois State Legislature, 2011a; Illinois State Legislature, 2011b; Illinois State Legislature, 2011c; Illinois State Legislature, 2011k).

Bigamy:

Illinois bigamy law is specific to only legal marriages, without any cohabitation or purportation clause(Illinois State Legislature, 2011f). There is, however, liability for both the bigamist and the individual who marries a bigamist (Illinois State Legislature, 2011f). Bigamy proper is considered a class 4 felony (Illinois State Legislature, 2011f), punishable by one to three years imprisonment (Illinois State Legislature, 2011g) and a fine of up to $25,000 (Illinois State Legislature, 2011h). Marrying a bigamist is considered a class A misdemeanor (Illinois State Legislature, 2011f), and punishable the same as adultery (Illinois State Legislature, 2011i). Escalating punishments for repeat offences don’t apply to Bigamy (Illinois State Legislature, 2011k); however inchoate laws do apply in full at the same level of liability as bigamy/marrying a bigamist is, as applicable (Illinois State Legislature, 2011a; Illinois State Legislature, 2011b; Illinois State Legislature, 2011c).

Round-Up of Laws:

Though the lack of cohabitation and purportation in the bigamy laws does free up non-dyadic non-monogamists from the worst of the liability, the presence of adultery means that all non-monogamists possess liability to some degree, even outside of a legal marriage because of the fornication laws. The inchoate laws provide the expected level of extended liability so that all members of a non-monogamous family likely have some degree of liability.

Non-Monogamous Strategies:

Because adultery and bigamy aren’t contingent on cohabitation and/or purportation, there is little that can be done to minimize liability. Escaping liability through not getting married is also not applicable due to the fornication law.

References

Illinois State Legislature. (2011a). Solicitation and solicitation of murder. (Illinois Statute 5-8-1). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011b). Conspiracy. (Illinois Statute 5-8-2). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011c). Attempt. (Illinois Statute 5-8-4). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011d). Adultery. (Illinois Statute 5-11-35). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011e). Fornication. (Illinois Statute 5-11-40). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011f). Bigamy. (Illinois Statute 5-11-45). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011g). Class 4 felonies; sentence. (Illinois Statute 5-4.5-45). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011h). Sentence provisions; all felonies. (Illinois Statute 5-4.5-50). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011i). Class A misdemeanors; sentence. (Illinois Statute 5-4.5-55). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011j). Class B misdemeanors; sentence. (Illinois Statute 5-4.5-60). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Illinois State Legislature. (2011k). Habitual criminals. (Illinois Statute 5-4.5-95). Chicago, IL: Illinois State Legislature.

Saturday, November 5, 2011

Quick Update

Hi Everyone,

I'm going to get a little behind this week, as I just got my GRE scores yesterday, which was the last bit for my grad school applications, so this weekend is spent finalizing as much as I can with those. Plus I need to work on my NSF Graduate Research Fellowship essays, since the due date for that is coming up very quickly! I'll try to get at least one, preferably two, state reviews out by tomorrow, but please bear with me while I get this stuff done.

For the curious among you:
Verbal: 160, 86%
Quant: 162, 87%
Writing: 5.5, 96% (Woohoo!!!)

Cheers!

- Jason